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The gap between measured indicators and real losses causing payouts to differ from actual damage.

Insurance that pays based on assessed losses after damage to a specific asset.

Conditions that increase how severely people or communities are affected by hazards.

Shocks affecting many households at once where losses are shared across the same community.

Actions, decisions or financial arrangements made before a disaster or crisis occurs.

Policies and programmes designed to reduce and prevent poverty and vulnerability throughout the life cycle.